The New Deal The Depression Years, 1933-1940 Free Essay Example, 1000 words

This research tells that Leuchtenburn agreed with Conkin that Roosevelt established the presidency characterized by his impeccable personality. He demonstrated this by elaborating on how Roosevelt utilized the tools of administration efficiently and by highlighting the president s personality. He also exposed the enormous scaling up of the federal government, especially the intervention in the economy. He also attested that the New Deal was a savior of capitalism designed to assist private ventures and establish an equilibrium that was functional. This system recognized the proletariats including farmers, blacks, and industry employees. People may think that the goal was to socialize but that was not the case. However, he believed that the New Deal paved way for new problems despite trying to solve numerous problems. It never demonstrated achievement in peacetime. He also contended that the legislation of the New Deal was only making a transitional step. Badger agreed with Conkin an d Leuchtenburn that the New Deal led the federal government into the exceptional link with numerous Americans and outlined the contemporary US s political economy as a measure of addressing the economic depression. We will write a custom essay sample on The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933-1940 or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Cultural Perspectives On Sex And Relationships Essay

Cultural Perspectives Love, sex and relationships. These three aspects of life are in every culture. Although they are present in every culture, the characteristics of these three are portrayed differently between each and every society. Various cultures are influenced by the media, social norms, and traditions. The media portrays sex as if everyone is â€Å"doing it† all the time. This not only includes people who are married, but single people as well. Social norms, however, seem to look down upon people constantly having sex. Having sex constantly with many partners is not respected or accepted. And in tradition, it depends greatly from culture to culture. For the Muslim culture, wives are treated like property, where in America, marriage is the equal joining of two partners. To examine the differences between each culture/country in the world, we must dive into each culture’s beliefs and values amongst sexuality, relationships, marriage and love. The cultures focused on in thi s paper are Asian, European and American cultures. Firstly, is the Asian culture. In their culture’s belief about sexuality, relationships, marriage and love, the collectivist ideal is used. A collectivist ideal is described as having priority of the society or a group over individual welfare. This means Asians believe in groups’ ideals over individuals’ ideals. This collectivist ideal states that marriage isn’t only the unity of two individuals, but two families. Since this is the unityShow MoreRelatedMale Sexuality : Female Sexuality1024 Words   |  5 Pagesinterested in sex than men, and that women prefer monogamy. Women did not say that, but women believe it (Cavanaugh, 2013). Creating an environment where women control their urges to be sexual with more than one person, is called â€Å"slut shaming.† This is an example of societal control over the libido of women. As evidence of this theory, Russell used other species who mate with several different mates to ensure procreation. More partne rs greater the chances for pregnancy. Women want sex just as muchRead MoreThe Five General Perspectives On Human Behavior Shape And Mold1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe five general perspectives on human behavior shape and mold every relationship we have with other people. An excellent example is evident in a loving relationship between a husband and his wife. The obvious medium in which Biology affects a spousal relationship is through the natural urges and tendencies that are dictated by our biology. This happens by way of the bodily organs, endocrine glands, genetics and other natural systems that are inherently part of human beings. Together they form theRead MoreAnalysis of Maxine Hong Kingston No Name Woman1670 Words   |  7 PagesChapter I Introduction 1.1. Background of study Adultery defined as a sex relationship between a married woman and a man other than her spouse or a sex relationship that usually happened also between unmarried couples in their relationship. It is actually the same as stated in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary; adultery is a sex between a married person and someone who is not their husband or wife (18). Indeed, Adultery sometimes becomes something crucial in our society. As an additionRead MoreCross Sex Relationships Are Becoming Increasingly More Popular Than Ever Before961 Words   |  4 PagesCross-sex relationships are becoming increasingly more popular than ever before. According to Schoonover and McEwan of Predicting the audience challenge in cross-sex friendships, men and women have complimenting communication styles and this is what makes cross-sex friendships so appealing as it grows to be more accepted (Schoonover, McEwan, 2014). In analyzing the benefits for both sexes, the most significant challenges, and th e cultural or societal challenges, it can be concluded that while cross-sexRead MoreThe Cultural Aspects Of Family1237 Words   |  5 Pagesstudying the cultural aspects of family both in Western and Non Western societies explaining how they differ to western families. ‘Kinship’ is said to be the foundation of the family according to anthropologists, so I will be looking at ‘kinship’ in more detail throughout my essay by looking at different cultures of families and the different kinship systems that they have. I will now examine the meaning of the term ‘family’, before moving onto the different family formations and different cultural meaningsRead MoreEvaluation Questions826 Words   |  4 PagesThe Sociology of Gender: Theoretical Perspectives and Feminist Frameworks 1. I found and have learned †¦ That all social interaction is gendered and guided by status, positions, and roles. I have also learned that when the status and role of male and female become stereotyped it could result in sexism or discrimination. In order to prevent such, feminism is a worldwide movement to end sexism by empowering women. They include: liberal feminism, cultural feminism, socialist feminism, radical feminismRead MoreThe Topic Of Sexuality1144 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluenced by the interaction of psychological, biological, social, cultural factors and many more. Horrocks (1997), suggests that to try and understand or explain a definitive conclusion about sexuality seems impossible as sexuality has different meanings to so many groups of people. Introduce the perspectives being used in essay (para)- There are a wide variety of models and perspectives relating to sexuality. Many perspectives on sexuality use biology and physiology as the basis, which are thenRead MoreBiological, Psychological, And Socio Environmental Factors785 Words   |  4 PagesThe authors, researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and University of Michigan, studied the biopsychosocial perspective of sexual desire in older adult men and women. The purpose of the study examined biological, psychological, and socio-environmental factors in understanding sexual desire. They argue, sexual desire is distinct from sexual behavior, and is the drive behind sexual behavior. Biological changes related to chronic illnesses and medications, decrease sexual desire andRead MoreGender Differences Between Sexuality And Gender888 Words   |  4 PagesIn sociology, we make a general distinction between sexuality and gender. Sex is the biological trait that we use to determine whether or not a person is a male or a female, whether it be through chromosomes, genitalia, or some other kind of visual physical description. When society talks about the obvious differences between men and women, they are often drawing on sex rather than gender, which is now an understanding of how society helps to shape our new understanding of these biological cate goriesRead MoreFriend Zone: Dating and Romance1129 Words   |  5 Pagespopular attitude towards relationships has emerged, namely the â€Å"the friend zone.† This refers to the situation a person (typically male) finds himself in when a friend rebuffs his attempts at sex or romance. The label of â€Å"the friend zone† is a frame for this predicament, which is only humorous from the perspective of the â€Å"friend-zoned,† when it is actually a very narrow-minded and demeaning concept. When a television show, film, or comedian presents a similar relationship, and categorizes it as â€Å"friend-zoning

Students Deal with Stress free essay sample

Everyone has personal stressors that drive them to drinking. Freshmen have very similar and critical stressors though. Home sickness, studies, lack or loss of relationships are things that students deal with every day. With every stressor, there is a way to cope with it, without resorting to alcohol. For example, when students miss home they should try to make their new place just as comfortable and they should never be shy to call their parents. To deal with lost friends from moving on to university, make new friends! You can still keep in touch with past friends, but making new friends while at university is an essential part of feeling happy and relieving stress while at school. In addition, joining a club or sports team helps to make new friends and is useful as a stress reliever. For example, I joined a volleyball team, and this is a good time to get out of my place to go have some fun, and forget about school for a bit, this usually results in me avoiding drinking. We will write a custom essay sample on Students Deal with Stress or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To regards with studying, take breaks, treat yourself and remember trying hard is all you can do, so never be disappointed if you put forth an honest effort. There are several ways to avoid stress. Make new friends, go out for supper to avoid cooking or cafeteria food, call family and friends, have leisure times, join a team, don’t cram study, have effective time management so daily schedules aren’t so jam packed and stressful, these are all great ways to overcome stressors without using alcohol or drugs. This being said, drinking alcohol at high rates is detrimental to health, but drinking responsibly isn’t a bad thing to do. In my opinion, there is always room for a couple of beers on the weekend with friends. There are several ways of coping with stress. Meditation, self-talk, and therapy are all coping strategies used to release psychological stress. Coping mechanisms are better than avoiding them, because these coping techniques actually eliminates stresses on your mind, while things like sports and friends just put stress away temporarily. For example, at the beginning of the year I had my childhood dog pass away, and one of my friends pass away in a car accident. To deal with this major stressor, I chose to get therapy because it was a very hard thing to deal with by myself at university. Of course when this tragedy happened, I thought of drinking the pain away was an option, but I knew this wasn’t the best solution. Therapy worked great, it actually decreased the amount of stress I had every day and it helped me move forward with my life. Stressors are easy to overcome, find something to occupy personal time to avoid stress (sports, friends, leisure time, etc. ) or coping mechanisms to deal with them (therapy, meditation, self-talk, etc. ). Nevertheless, if these stress relievers were taught to students more, there would be less university freshmen resolving to drinking when they are stressed. University students do deal with major and minor stressors day-to-day and they can be dealt with properly rather by overusing drugs and alcohol. Thus, promotion of stress relievers would be beneficial for the student population because it would help their health, budget and success rate. In conclusion, drinking alcohol is a very unhealthy and stupid way of dealing with stress and there are several healthier and smarter ways of dealing and coping with stress. References Fahey, T. D. (2010). Fit and well, core concepts and labs in physical fitness and wellness. (2nd ed. ). Insel, P. (2012). Core concepts in health. (Canadian ed. ).

Writing Lessons You Can Learn From Your Favorite TV Shows

It’s one of the best ways to wind down during a study break or a lazy Sunday: tuning in to Hulu or Netflix for some of your favorite shows. But do you ever stop to ask yourself why you love these shows so much? Something about them has captured your attention. What if you could make your writing as captivating as those TV shows you love? What if you could write an essay, story, or lab report that held your reader’s attention to the very end? Maybe that seems far-fetched, but some of the qualities that make these shows unforgettable can also be applied to your writing. Here’s how. 1. â€Å"Blackish:† Show, don’t tell. You probably love this show because of its humor, and the funny, well-developed characters. Another great thing about the show is the understated social message. Beneath the humor, there is an undercurrent of commentary on racism and LGBT issues. But no one is holding a billboard announcing: â€Å"Attention! This is an example of racist stereotyping!† Instead, we see this message played out through the actions and behavior of the characters. Any essay or report that you write also has a message, or a â€Å"thesis.† In effective writing as in a good TV show, this message is revealed through details, examples, and quotes rather than simple and obvious statements. 2. â€Å"Game of Thrones:† Realism and accuracy always win. Although â€Å"The Game of Thrones† belongs to the fantasy genre, the writers purposely limit elements of magic in favor of making the story an accurate reflection of the dark and brutal way of life in medieval times. The violence and the dark stories of intrigue make the viewer feel like they are experiencing the Middle Ages firsthand. This is part of what makes the show so appealing. Your writing will also be more appealing to your readers if you strive for realism and accuracy. Take the extra time to research your topic thoroughly to bring your reader the true blood and guts of your subject. 3. â€Å"The Walking Dead:† Examining a problem from all sides. What if an apocalyptic event occurred in which those who died became brain-eating zombies? â€Å"The Walking Dead† has held steady success for eight seasons by thoroughly exploring this premise. It examines the differing motivations of the characters, how these characters react differently to the post-apocalyptic world, and how these actions influence the story. Just like a zombie apocalypse, the problems that you explore in your writing have different sides and affect people in different ways. A stock market crash will be experienced differently by a CEO than by a factory worker, and their reactions will affect one another. A good essay or report will examine a problem from all possible angles. 4. â€Å"Criminal Minds:† Deliver the profile. â€Å"Criminal Minds† is a great detective show, with a twist. Instead of profiling the crime itself, the B.A.U. team solves it by compiling a list of clues about the killer, which gives them the ability to determine who and where he is going to attack next. An effective paper will present the reader with a â€Å"profile† in the introduction, outlining the list of clues that have led to a particular conclusion. Then you can develop your paper as if you were solving a crime. 5. â€Å"Breaking Bad:† How does change happen? The character of Walter White is a case study on how events can change a character from good to evil. The well-intentioned chemistry teacher is transformed by the events of poverty and illness into a ruthless drug dealer. Are you analyzing some kind of transformative change in your paper? What are the factors that led to that change? As you examine the transformation in depth, you may find that it is every bit as complicated and intriguing as the sea-change of Walt White. So don’t worry about your next writing assignment! With a little imagination, you can make it into a hit!

Limitations for using participant observation to study truancy free essay sample

There are many strengths and limitations for using participant observation to study truancy. Truancy is defined as an unauthorised absence from school. Sociologists may want to investigate why truancy occurs, what anti-school subcultures are more likely to truant and what effect truancy has on pupils’ future careers or achievements. Participant observation is where the researcher takes part in the event that they are observing (in this case truanting) whilst observing it. There are two different types of participant observation, overt observation and covert observation. Overt observation is when the researcher would tell the pupils that they are being studied and makes sure he/she gets their permission before the observation occurs. This makes their research ethical, however truants may behave differently because they are being observed therefore giving unreliable results. This is called the Hawthorne effect. The other type of participant observation is covert studies. This means the truants wouldn’t be told they were being watched, so they are more likely to behave like they normally would. We will write a custom essay sample on Limitations for using participant observation to study truancy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This would give the researcher valid results, however this raises ethical concerns such as the right to withdraw and deception. A strength of participant observation when investigating truancy from school is that participants behave as they normally do so the data collected is valid. Results are usually valid compared to getting the students to fill out a questionnaire about truancy when there is no real way of telling if they are giving accurate answers. On the other hand a limitation of participant observation when investigating truancy from school is that it is time consuming. Especially if the group is big, participant observation in the case of truancy can be seen to raise costs and waste more time as the truant may not even be present. The researcher will also not know who the truant is as there are no written statistics or evidence from the observations. If it is covertly observed, any important findings from the discussion in the truant group may be written down later by the researcher but can be written wrong or partially remembered, therefore the data collected is not entirely dependable which makes it difficult for data to be interpreted. This could result in the researcher having to spend more time in school to catch up with the truants and consuming more time raising practical issues. However if it was to be an overt observation then data may be openly recorded giving in depth data that is reliable. Another great strength would be the detail and depth of knowledge that the researcher obtains from using participant observation (in this case to study truancy), especially in covert situations. This would provide plenty of qualitative information. This type of research has been the source of some of the most striking and valuable studies in sociology. For example; Hey (1997) used participant observation to study girls’ friendships in two London schools. Hey suggests that feminist researchers have a tendency to romanticize girls’ friendships, to view them through the celebratory lens of girls’ capacity for sharing, caring and mutual support. She concluded girls can be seen to be engaged in patterns and practices of friendship that are fuelled by tensions and con? ict as much as support and care. A limitation would be the ethical issues that emerge from doing the observation. Researchers need to be aware and be considerate of the issues the issues that appear such as child protection/abuse. To gather relevant information; the researcher will have to ask the truants why they truant but there may be cases where the child is truanting because of problems such as bullying or disputes. For this reason they constantly truant, furthermore the child might not want to answer the question as he/she may get upset or offended. Overall I believe that using participant observation whether it is covert or overt is a decent way to study truancy. Although it has many limitations such as ethical issues or that it is time consuming, it also has its strengths too such as the depth of knowledge and qualitative data you receive from asking the pupils questions like why they truant or simply their point of view.

Ancient Indian Empires and Kingdoms

Ancient Indian Empires and Kingdoms From their original settlements in the Punjab region, the Aryans gradually began to penetrate eastward, clearing dense forests and establishing tribal settlements along the Ganga and Yamuna (Jamuna) flood  plains between 1500 and ca. 800 B.C. By around 500 B.C., most of northern India was inhabited and had been brought under cultivation, facilitating the increasing knowledge of the use of iron implements, including ox-drawn plows, and spurred by the growing population that provided voluntary and forced labor. As riverine and inland trade flourished, many towns along the Ganga became centers of trade, culture, and luxurious living. Increasing population and surplus production provided the bases for the emergence of independent states with fluid territorial boundaries over which disputes frequently arose. The rudimentary administrative system headed by tribal chieftains was transformed by a number of regional republics or hereditary monarchies that devised ways to appropriate revenue and to conscript labor for expanding the areas of settlement and agriculture farther east and south, beyond the Narmada River. These emergent states collected revenue through officials, maintained armies, and built new cities and highways. By 600 B.C., sixteen such territorial powers- including the Magadha, Kosala, Kuru, and Gandhara- stretched across the North India plains from modern-day Afghanistan to Bangladesh. The right of a king to his throne, no matter how it was gained, was usually legitimized through elaborate sacrifice rituals and genealogies concocted by priests who ascribed to the king divine or superhuman origins. The victory of good over evil is epitomized in the epic Ramayana (The Travels of Rama, or Ram in the preferred modern form), while another epic, Mahabharata (Great Battle of the Descendants of Bharata), spells out the concept of dharma and duty. More than 2,500 years later, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi, the father of modern India, used these concepts in the fight for independence. The Mahabharata records the feud between Aryan cousins that culminated in an epic battle in which both gods and mortals from many lands allegedly fought to the death, and the Ramayana recounts the kidnapping of Sita, Ramas wife, by Ravana, a demonic king of Lanka (Sri Lanka), her rescue by her husband (aided by his animal allies), and Ramas coronation, leading to a period of prosperity and justice. In the late twentieth century, these epics remain dear to the hearts of Hindus and are commonly read and enacted in many settings. In the 1980s and 1990s, Rams story has been exploited by Hindu militants and politicians to gain power, and the much disputed Ramjanmabhumi, the birth site of Ram, has become an extremely sensitive communal issue, potentially pitting Hindu majority against a  Muslim minority. By the end of the sixth century B.C., Indias northwest was integrated into the Persian Achaemenid Empire and became one of its satrapies. This integration marked the beginning of administrative contacts between Central Asia and India. Magadha Although Indian accounts to a large extent ignored Alexander the Greats Indus campaign in 326 B.C., Greek writers recorded their impressions of the general conditions prevailing in South Asia during this period. Thus, the year 326 B.C. provides the first clear and historically verifiable date in Indian history. A two-way cultural fusion between several Indo-Greek elements- especially in art, architecture, and coinage- occurred in the next several hundred years. North Indias political landscape was transformed by the emergence of Magadha in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain. In 322 B.C., Magadha, under the rule of Chandragupta Maurya, began to assert its hegemony over neighboring areas. Chandragupta, who ruled from 324 to 301 B.C., was the architect of the first Indian imperial power the Mauryan Empire (326-184 B.C.)- whose capital was Pataliputra, near modern-day Patna, in Bihar. Situated on rich alluvial soil and near mineral deposits, especially iron, Magadha was at the center of bustling commerce and trade. The capital was a city of magnificent palaces, temples, a university, a library, gardens, and parks, as reported by Megasthenes, the third-century B.C. Greek historian and ambassador to the Mauryan court. Legend states that Chandraguptas success was due in large measure to his adviser Kautilya, the Brahman author of the Arthashastra (Science of Material Gain), a textbook that outlined governmental administration and political strategy. There was a highly centralized and hierarchical government with a large staff, which regulated tax collection, trade and commerce, industrial arts, mining, vital statistics, the welfare of foreigners, maintenance of public places including markets and temples, and prostitutes. A large standing army and a well-developed espionage system were maintained. The empire was divided into provinces, districts, and villages governe d by a host of centrally appointed local officials, who replicated the functions of the central administration. Ashoka, grandson of Chandragupta, ruled from 269 to 232 B.C. and was one of Indias most illustrious rulers. Ashokas inscriptions chiseled on rocks and stone pillars located at strategic locations throughout his empire- such as Lampaka (Laghman in modern Afghanistan), Mahastan (in modern Bangladesh), and Brahmagiri (in Karnataka)- constitute the second set of datable historical records. According to some of the inscriptions, in the aftermath of the carnage resulting from his campaign against the powerful kingdom of Kalinga (modern Orissa), Ashoka renounced bloodshed and pursued a policy of nonviolence or ahimsa, espousing a theory of rule by righteousness. His toleration for different religious beliefs and languages reflected the realities of Indias regional pluralism although he personally seems to have followed Buddhism (see Buddhism, ch. 3). Early Buddhist stories assert that he convened a Buddhist council at his capital, regularly undertook tours within his realm, and sent Buddhis t missionary ambassadors to Sri Lanka. Contacts established with the Hellenistic world during the reign of Ashokas predecessors served him well. He sent diplomatic-cum-religious missions to the rulers of Syria, Macedonia, and Epirus, who learned about Indias religious traditions, especially Buddhism. Indias northwest retained many Persian cultural elements, which might explain Ashokas rock inscriptions- such inscriptions were commonly associated with Persian rulers. Ashokas Greek and Aramaic inscriptions found in Kandahar in Afghanistan may also reveal his desire to maintain ties with people outside of India. After the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire in the second century B.C., South Asia became a collage of regional powers with overlapping boundaries. Indias unguarded northwestern border again attracted a series of invaders between 200 B.C. and A.D. 300. As the Aryans had done, the invaders became Indianized in the process of their conquest and settlement. Also, this period witnessed remarkable intellectual and artistic achievements inspired by cultural diffusion and syncretism. The Indo-Greeks, or the Bactrians, of the northwest contributed to the development of numismatics; they were followed by another group, the Shakas (or Scythians), from the steppes of Central Asia, who settled in western India. Still other nomadic people, the Yuezhi, who were forced out of the Inner Asian steppes of Mongolia, drove the Shakas out of northwestern India and established the Kushana Kingdom (first-century B.C.-third century A.D.). The Kushana Kingdom controlled parts of Afghanistan and Iran, and in India, the realm stretched from Purushapura (modern Peshawar, Pakistan) in the northwest, to Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) in the east, and to Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh) in the south. For a short period, the kingdom reached still farther east, to Pataliputra. The Kushana Kingdom was the crucible of trade among the Indian, Persian, Chinese, and Roman empires and controlled a critical part of the legendary Silk Road. Kanishka, who reigned for two decades starting around A.D. 78, was the most noteworthy Kushana ruler. He converted to Buddhism and convened a great Buddhist council in Kashmir. The Kushanas were patrons of Gandharan art, a synthesis between Greek and Indian styles, and Sanskrit literature. They initiated a new era called Shaka in A.D. 78, and their calendar, which was formally recognized by India for civil purposes starting on March 22, 1957, is still in use.

International Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Marketing - Assignment Example Three aspects of McDonald’s global marketing management are discussed – the degree of standardization or adaptation of marketing mix, the globalization model employed, and the country of origin effect, of McDonald’s international operations. 1.0 Standardization or adaptation of McDonald’s marketing mix Critically analyse the extent that your chosen global brand’s marketing mix is standardised and/or adapted across international markets. Conclude by providing a 2-3 paragraph summary that discusses whether you consider this to be an appropriate strategy(s). Remember to support your answer. Product – McDonald’s continuously innovates its products in line with the changing tastes and preferences of its local market. An example is McDonald’s Indian market, where the customers are predominantly vegetarian. As a result of adaptation, the company removed some of its popular international offerings – ham, beef, and mutton burgers – from its menu, and instead offered a predominantly vegetarian menu. It does, however, offer Chicken Maharaja Mac, a recent concoction based on consumer taste. In Spain it has McMuffin con Huevo, and in Hawaii it has Kahuna Burger (Nation’s Restaurant News, 2005). Illustrated below is one of the localized products of McDonald’s, and a curiosity among Western customers used to the Big Mac. Below is shown the vegetarian burger specially developed for the Indian market, with the ingredients and taste custom designed to suit this growing market. Source: Bhartiya, et al., 2008, p. 22 Place – McDonald’s policy on place, specifically referring to distribution channels, is to have its product available to the customer at the right place, at the right time, and in the right quantity and quality. In the USA, nearly half of all customers are within a 3 minute drive to an outlet of McDonald’s. In the outlets, customers are offered McDonald’s â⠂¬Ëœvalue propositions’ – hygienic environment, pleasant ambience, specially programmed music, polite and prompt service. Certain areas are dedicated to children where an indoor playground is usually situated. More recently, internet wifi service has been provided. As far as place is concerned, McDonald’s maintains the same quality standard worldwide. Price – McDonald’s strategy of affording value pricing and bundling strategies are largely standardized, such as the happy meal, combo meal, and family meal, for which it offers discounted pricing. However, as to the price vis-a-vis meal portions, these are strategically adjusted to target the middle and lower income consumers. Promotion – McDonald’s promotional thrust is a combination of standardization and adaptation. Standardization is evident in the style, the message, and the use of the same mascots, particularly Ronald McDonald who has represented the company throughout the world s ince 1963. A market study determined that Ronald McDonald has the second highest name recall